lzNksf/ hfltsf] hftLo klxrfgsf] ;jfn
k|sfz dfg lzNksf/
k[i6e"ld (Background)
g]kfn b]z ljljw hfthlt, wd{, snf, ;+:s[lt / ljljw Jojxf/sf] gfdaf6 kl/k"0f{ b]z xf] .g]kfnsf] hfthflt dWo] g]jf/ ;d'bfoleq kg{{] gf} y/sf] ;+of]hgsf] ?kdf dfgL cfPsf] pbf; hflt leq /xL cfPsf] cflbsfn b]lv k':t]gL sf7sf] ;fdfu|L agfpg] jf sfi7snf ;DalGw lzkdf nfu]sf cem :ki6 ?kdf eGg' kbf{ k':tf} k':tfb]lv sfi7snf ;DalGw sfd ug{] >lds ju{ g]jf/ ;d'bfo -hflt_ dWo] lzNksf/ hflt klg Ps xf] . cyf{t g]kfn d08n leq g]jf/ ;d'bfo -hflt_ df sfi7snf ;DalGw sfd ug{] >ldsf] y/ -hft_ lzNksf/ xf] eGg] tYo k|df0fx? lnR5ljsfnLg tyf dNnsfnLg Oltxf/ P]ltxfl;s k"/ftlTjs b/jf/, d7, dlGb/ / hfqf kj{x?nfO{ cWoog cg';Gwfg ul/ x]l/Pdf k|:t x'G5 .
g]jf/ ju{ ;d'bfosf] s'g} klg hfthfltsf] kl/ro lb+bf jf s'/f ubf{ g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] ljifodf s'/f gug{] xf] eg] jf kl/ro glbg] xf] eg] kl/ro lbg] sf] sfo{ cw'/f] g} x'g]5 . lsgeg] g]jf/ Pp6f hft jf y/ -;d'bfo_ dfq geO{ g]kfns} kof{ojfrL klxrfg xf] . cyf{t g]jf/ cfk}mdf hft xf]Og Pp6f /fli6«otf g} xf] . g]kfn PsLs/0f k"j{ sf7df08f} pkTosfnfO{ g]kfn -g]kfn d08n_ / g]kfn leq a;f]af; ug{] h'g;'s} hfthlt cyjf wdf{nDaLnfO{ klg g]jf/ g} sxnfOGYof] / o;af6 xfdL lgSof}{n s] ug{ ;S5f} eg] g]jf/ g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s klxrfg xf] / g]jf/ /fli6«otf leq pQ/ rLg, blIf0f ef/tsf] Oltxf;nfO{ ;d]t ;+of]hg ub}{ cfkm\gf] ef}lts cl:tTjnfO{ klxrfg lbg ;Sg] zlQm ;dflxt -lglxt_ 5 . Pp6f /fi6« ;~rfngfy{ cfjZos hft, hftL, wd{, ;+:s[lt ;+of]hg g]jf/ /fli6«otf leq ;dflxt 5 .
g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] d"nefiff ltAatL / ad]{nL efiff leqsf] elgPtf klg lnlR5ljsfnLg kl5 ;+:s[lt / dNnsfn kl5 d}ynL, v;, kmf/;L, pb"{ tyf cGo efiffefifLsf] ;+:s[lt ;d]t ;+of]hg x'+b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 g]jf/ efiff . g]jf/ efiffnfO{ g]kfn efiffsf] gfdn] ;Ddflgt ul/cfPsf] 5 . g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] cfkm\g} df}lns lnlksf] klg Joj:yf 5 . :d/0f/xf]; xfdL g]kfnLn] n]Vb} cfPsf] b]jgful/s lnlk xfd|f] df}lns lnlk xf]Og of] xfd|f] l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tsf] df}lns lnlk xf] . o; g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] df}lns lnlkx? dWo]sf /Ghgf lnlk ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3df k|:t't u/]/ g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f :jtGq ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6«sf] bhf{ lng / lbg xfdL g]kfnL ;kmn ePsf 5f}+ . laZjsf pTs;i7 lnlkx? dWodf xfd|f] /~hgf lnlk klg Ps kb{5g\ . of] xfdL ;d:t g]jf/ ;d'bfos} uf}/jflgs ljifo xf] eg] o; ljifodf xfdL ;d:t g]jf/ ;d'bfo ubub 5f}+ klg . oLg} g]jf/ ;d'bfo leq kg]{ gf} y/sf] ;+of]hgsf] ?kdf cfPsf] pbf; hflt leqsf] hflt eWosf] lzNksf/ hflt klg Ps xf] .
kl/ro -Introduction_M
lzlNk jf:t'sf/sf ?kdf kl/lrt lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ ;d'bfo lnR5jLsfn, dNnsfn x'+b} zfxj+z / cfh u0ftflGqs o'u;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljleGg snfk|]dL, ljåfg, a'l4lhjL, /fhf, dxf/fhfx?n] ;d]t ljåfg lzNkL af:t'snfsfl/tfsf] ?kdf lnO{ cfˆgf] k/d ldq Pj+d ;Nnfxsf/x?sf] ?kdf lnO{ cfPsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfpF5 . of] ;d'bfo sf7df08f} pkTosfdf /x]sf] cGo /}yfg] ;d'bfo -hftL_ h:t} g]jf/ ;d'bfo leq kg]{ gf} y/sf] ;+of]hgsf] ?kdf dfgL cfPsf] pbf; -pbfo, p/fo\_ hftL leq /xL cfPsf] k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv k|:t'/ jf:t' sfi7snf, d"lt{snf Pj+ cfw'lgs lzNksnf -kmflg{r/_ sf] 1ftfsf ?kdf lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ hflt kl/lrt 5g\ .
pbf; hflt -;d'bfo_ leqsf cGo ljleGg hfthftLx? x'g lznfsf/ -nf]xsMld_, tfd|fsf/ -tjM tdf]6_, l;v|fsf/ -cjfM_ s+;fsf/ -s;fM_, l;Gb'/fsf/ -l;+_, algofF, t'nfw/ / lznflns -dlwsMld_ tyf lzNksf/ -l;+sMld, sMld{_ ;d]t u/L gf} y/sf] ;+of]hgsf] ?kdf /xL dfgL cfPsf] pbf; ;d'bfo xf] eGg] dfGotf sfod eO{ cfPsf] 5 . pbf; ;d'bfo gf} y/sf] ;+of]hgsf] ?k xf] eGg] ljifodf cfh ;Dd s'g} a}1flgs cfwf/ tYox? k|:t x'g eg] ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . of] vf]hs} ljifo /x]sf] 5 . o; pbf; ;d'bfoleq k/]sf] dflg cfPsf] lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ cflbsfn b]lvg} sfi7snf tyf jf:t'lzNksnfsf wlg x'g .
pTklQM
lzNksf/ hftLsf] pTklQ slxn] / sxfFaf6 eof] eGg] ;To tYo oxL g} xf] elg cfh;Dd s;}n] eGg g;lsPtf klg g]kfn d08nsf] hfqf, kj{, d7, dlGb/, P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs b/jf/ cflbsf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ of] hftL cflbsfn b]lv g]kfn d08n -sf7df08f} pkTosf_ sf] cflbjf;L hghftL xf] eGg] b]lvG5g\ .
k/+k/fut d"n jf;:yfgM
lzNksf/ hftLsf] k/+k/fut d"n jf;:yfg eg]sf] g]kfn d08n -sf7df08f} pkTosf_ sf] axL, axfn, laxf/ cflb If]qsf glhs jf cf;kf; /xL cfPsf] kfOPsf 5g\ .
eQmk'/sf s]lx lzNksf/ kl/jf/x? vf; u/]/ eQmk'/ gu/ !& j8f ef/efrf] 6f]n l:yt >L /fwfs[i0f lzNksf/sf] 3/df cfu+BM /xL cfPsf lzNksf/ kl/jf/x? dNnsfnLg /fhf e"klGb| dNnsf zf;g sfngdf ªoftkf]n b]un -kfFrtNn] dlGb/_ / %% ‰ofn] b/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu /fh cf1f adf]lhd kf6gaf6 eQmk'/ cfO{ P]ltxfl;s lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg eO{ ef/efrf] 6f]ndf :yfO{ a;f]af; u/L cfPsf] xf] eGg] cfu+BM 5]F sf 3/wgL tyf cGo a'9fkfsfx?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5g\ .
cfw'lgs jf;:yfg / k]zfM
of] lzNksf/ hftL -;d'bfo_ cfhef]nL cfˆgf] k/+k/fut jf;:yfgaf6 cGoq sf7df08f} / sf7df08f} pkTosf aflx/ ljleGg :yfgdf a;fO{ ;/L :yfO{ a;f]af; u/L cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] klxrfg lbO{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . of] ;d'bfo sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] ljleGg /}7fg] ;d'bfo h:t}M g]jf/ ;d'bfoleq kg]{ ;d'bfo xf] . o; ;d'bfosf] dft[efiff g]kfn efif -g]jf/ efiff_ xf] . o; ;d'bfo k/fk"j{sfn b]lvg} jf:t' lzNksnf, sfi7snf / cfw'lgs sfi7snfsf] k]zf u/L cfPsf]df xfn cfP/ s]lx kl/jf/n] cfˆgf] k/+k/fut k]zfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ;d];fIf]k cGo cg's'n k]zfdf lj:yflkt e} uPsf] kfOG5g\ . @)!& ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kZrft s]lx lzNksf/ kl/jf/x?n] cfˆgf] df}lns y/ lzNksf/nfO{ -df}lns klxrfg_ nfO{ kl/jt{g u/L cfPsf] b]lvG5g\ . lzNksf/ ;dfh lar wgL / u/Lasf] dte]baf6 b'i6 k|efljt eO{ Pp6} ;dfh Ps 7fpFdf a:g g;sL sf7df08f}sf clwsf+z lzNksf/ kl/jf/x?n] cfk'mnfO{ æ:yflktÆ sf] ?kdf kl/lrt u/fO{ cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] nlntk'/ kf6g / eQmk'/sf lzNksf/x?n] cfk'mnfO{ lzNksf/sf ?kdf g} cfk'mnfO{ kl/lrt -klxrfg_ u/fO{ cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
;gftg wd{M
pbf; ;d'bfo clwsf+z a'4wd{ dfGg] af}4dfuL{ ePtf klg o; pbf; ;d'bfo leq kg]{ sZok -sflz_ uf]qsf o; lzNksf/ ;d'bfo eg] clwsf+z ;gftg wd{ lzj dfuL{ / j}i0fjL dfuL{ -lxGb' wdf{nDaL_ ePsf] kfOG5g\ . o; ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] hGdb]lv d/0f;Ddsf ljleGg ;+:sf/ tyf s'g} klg wd{ sd{sf sfo{df k/+k/fb]lv g} /fhfkfWofo -BMa|Dx"_ nfO{ k'/f]lxtsf] sfd u/fO{ cfPsf] 5 . lzNksf/ ;d'bfo lxGb" wdf{nDaL xf] eGg] k|df0f oL g} x'g\ . sZok -sflz_ uf]qsf o; lzNksf/ ;d'bfon] eujfg >L ljZjsdf{nfO{ cfˆgf] s"n u"?sf] ?kdf dfgL cfPsf] kfOG5g\ eg] cfˆgf] s"n /Iffsf] nflu dflq zlQmx? -ci6dflqsf_ k'Hg] u/L cfPsf 5g\ . o; hftLleq klg cGo hftL ;d'bfodf h:t} ljleGg pkgfdsf] ;d"xx? /x]sf kfOPsf 5g\ . pkgfdsf] ;d'x cg';f/ cf–cfˆgf] pkgfdsf] ;d'xsf] klxrfg cg';f/ s"nb]jtfsf] df]x8f ljleGg lbzftkm{ /x]sf] kfOPsf 5g\ .
;+:s[ltM
g]jf/ hftLx? dWo] tflGqs lbIff -b]vf_ glnsg sf]lx klg cfˆgf] Oi6 b]jtfsf] sf]7fdf -cf+uBM sf]7fdf_ k|j]z gkfpg] zfSo, ah|frfo{ / pbf; hftL dWo] o; lzNksf/ hftLsf] lardf klg cfrfo{ -cfrfh'_ af6 tflGqs ljlwjt lbIff -b]vf_ gflnPsf sf]lx klg cf–cfˆgf] Oi6b]jtf -cf+uBM_ sf] k'hf cr{gf / bz{g ug{ ;d]t k|j]z gkfpg] k/+k/fut k|fjwfg ePaf6 cfˆgf] O{i6b]jtfsf] k'hf cr{gf tyf bz{g ug{ ;d]t gofF k':tfsf clwsf+z lzNksf/x? a+lrt /xg'kg]{ eO{/x]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] O{i6b]jsf] k'hf cr{gf / bz{g ug{ gkfpFbf gkfpFb} klg gofF k':tfsf lzNksf/x? lbIff -b]vf_ lng cu|;/tf u/]sf] b]lv+b}gg\ . b]vf lnPkl5 rf]vf] lgTo eO{ lgTosd{ u/L lgoldt hkWofg ug]{ emGem6 ;a} cfk'mnfO{ 6f9f /fVg rfx]sf] b]lvG5g\ h;sf sf/0f eljiodf uP/ cfu+BM -O{i6b]j_ sf] cl:tTj g} vt/fdf kg]{ cj:yf k|:t b]lv/x]sf 5g\ t/ cfkjfbsf] ?kdf s]lx oLg} lzNksf/ ;d'bfodf eg] cfu+BM sf]7fdf k|j]z ug{ lbIff -b]vf_ lng} kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] k/+k/f b]lv+b}gg\ . b]vf lagf cfu+BM sf]7fdf k|j]z ug{ gkfpg] k/+k/fut k|fjwfg /x]sf] o; lzNksf/ ;d'bfosf] cfu+BM sf] k'hf ug{ sf/0fjz b]vf lnPsf lzNksf/ kl/jf/ ;b:o gePsf] cj:yfdf tn]h' -t'nhf_ af6 vltPsf cfrfo{ -cfrfh'_ af6 k'hf u/fpg] k/+k/f /xL cfPsf] 5 .
cfu+BM sf]7fdf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] k|j]z cf1fkqsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]vf / lzNkL lzNksf/x?sf] >[hgf sfi7snf ;+u lgs} dxTjk"0f{ / uxlsnf] ;DaGw /x]sf] s'/f a'9fkfsfx?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] kfOPsf] b]lvG5g\ . lzNkL lzNksf/ a'9fkfsfx?sf] egfO{ cg';f/ b]vf lnPsf lzNkL lzNksf/af6 >[hgf ul/Psf sfi7snfdf hlt lhjGt b]Vg / x]g{ kfOG5 Tolt b]vf glnPsf cGo lzNkL lzNksf/af6 >[hgf ul/Psf sfi7snf / k|:t'/ d"lt{x?df vf; Tolt /fd|f] lhjGt b]Vg kfpFb}gg\ eGg] kf/vL cfFvf ePsf a'9fkfsfx? atfpg] ub{5g\ . sfi7snf / k|:t/ d"lt{x? >[hgf ubf{ cGo ;Dk"0f{ efux?df lzNksnfsf] lhjGt lbg ;kmn ePtf klg d'lt{sf] cg'xf/ b[li6df b]vf glnPsf lzNkL lzNksf/af6 k"0f{ lhjGt snf lbg ;ls+b}gg\ eGg] kl/kSj a'9fkfsfx?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5g\ . To:t} lxGb" lzNkL lzNksf/n] >[hgf u/]sf lzNksnf / a'l4:t lzNkL lzNksf/n] >[hgf u/]sf lzNksnfdf klg leGgtf /x]sf] 5 eGg] a'9fkfsfx?sf] egfO{ kfOPsf 5g\ . P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs sfi7snf / lznfsf k|:t/ d"lt{x?sf] k|To]s cg'xf/ tyf b[li6df lzNksnfsf] lhjGt /x]sf] b]Vg / x]g{ xfdL ;S5f}+ . lzNksf/ hftLaf6 cnu eO{ :yflkt gofF klxrfg lbO{ hfg'kg]{ sf/0fx? dWo] of] klg Pp6f b]lvg cfpF5g\ .
b]zsf] snf ;+:s[ltnfO{ lhjGt ?k lbO{ la1 / snfsf/sf ?kdf kl/lrt eO/x]sf klxnf klxnfsf lzNkL l;+sMld_ gfOs]x? -jf:t'ljåfgx?_ cfhsf cfw'lgs efiffdf æcfls{6]sÆ klxnf b]lv cfhsf] a}1flgs o'u @! cf}+ ztfJbL;Dd klg cfˆgf] lzNksnfsf] 1fg cfˆgf ;Gtltx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub}{ lhjGt /fVg ;kmn eO/x]sf 5g\ . jf:t'lzNksnfsf wlg /fli6«o lje"lt c/lgsf] h:tf afh]a/fh'sf kfnfb]lv cfˆgf] k/+k/fut k]zfnfO{ g:t x'g glbsg b]zsf] uf}/a a9fpg] b]lv lnP/ cfh;Dd cfˆgf] lzNksnf lhjGt /fVg lzNksf/ ;d'bfo ;kmn eO/x]sf 5g\ . cfh b]zdf j+zut lzNkL lzNksf/ dfq xf]Og c+luj[mt lzNkLx? -u}x| lzNksf/x?_ n] lzNkL k]zfnfO{ c+ufnL cfPsf b]lvG5g\ .
;of}+ aif{ cuf8L lzNkL lzNksf/ Pj+ lznfsf/ ;d'bfosf afh] a/fh'x?n] b'Mv si6 u/L cfˆgf xftn] >[hgf u/]/ w/f]x/sf] ?kdf xfdLnfO{ 5f8L uPsf] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;d]t k/]sf ;'k|l;4 P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs snfTds w/f]x/dWo] eQmk'/sf] %% ‰ofn b/jf/, ªoftkf]n b]un, rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/, sf7df08f}sf] xg'dfg9f]sf b/jf/, tn]h' -t'nhf_ ejfgLsf] dlGb/, gf}tNn] b/jf/, b]zo\ d? ‰ofn, kf6gsf] j[mi0f dlGb/, kf6g b/jf/ ljleGg :yfgsf] dlGb/x?df >[hgf ul//fv]sf] rf}/f;L cf;g o'Qm 6'8fn cflb / g]kfnsf] ljleGg :yfgdf /x]sf] sfi7snf tyf lznfsf k|:t/ snfTds d7 dlGb/x? cfh ljZj ;fd' xfdL g]kfnLnfO{ klxrfg u/fO/x]sf 5g\ .
Oltxf;sf] ljleGg sfnv08df zf;sx?sf] g'gsf] ;f]emf] / akmfbf/L ub}{ zf;sx?n] yf]kf/]sf] ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ljlw Jojxf/, wd{ / k/+k/fnfO{ lz/f]k/ tyf cfb]znfO{ kfngf ub}{ g]kfn d08nsf] ljleGg :yfgx?df lzNkL -l;+sM ld_ lzNksf/ / nf]xFsMld lznfsf/ hftL -;d'bfo_ x?n] cf–cfˆgf] lzNkL kf}/vL xftn] ct'ngLo snfTds >[hgf k|lt:yfkgf u/L cfˆgf ;GtltnfO{ cf–cfˆgf] klxrfgsf] 5fk 5f8L uPsf oyfy{tf s;}af6 n's]sf] 5}gg\ .
oLg} lzNkL ;d'bfox?sf] snfTds k'/ftflTjs >[hgfnfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ cfPsf ljb]zL kfx'gfx?af6 /fHon] b}lgs s/f}8f}+ ?k}ofF cfDbfgL ub}{ cfPsf] oyfy{tf klg s;}af6 n's]sf] 5}gg\ . h'g k'vf{sf] /ut kl;gfaf6 >[hgf ePsf snfTds w/f]x/n] /fHosf] cfDbfgL dfq eO/x]sf 5}gg\ clkt' ljZj;fd' b]znfO{ g} klxrfg u/fO{ /x]sf 5g\ . cfh pgs} ;Gtltx?sf] klxrfg lalng x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ . cyf{t uf}/jdo lzNkL lzNksf/ / lznfsf/sf] ?kdf /xL cfPsf] cfˆgf] klxrfg cfh cfP/ lzNkL HofdL -dhb"/_ sf ?kdf dfglrqdf klxrfg l;ldt x'+b} lalng} x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] b]lvG5g\ . cfˆgf] klxrfg g} ljlng x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] lzNkL ;d'bfosf] P]ltxfl;s klxrfgnfO{ lhjGtkf/L /fVg of] lzNkL ;d'bfosf] k'vf{sf] afx'ann] >[hgf u/]/ ljZj ;Dkbf ;'rLdf k/]sf P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs snfTds w/f]x/x?sf] cjnf]sg af6 p7]sf] cfo;|f]t dWo]af6 s]lx c+z of] lzNkL hftL -;d'bfo_ sf] hftLo cl:tTj, xs, clwsf/, klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ pTyfg ug{sf lgDtL d]xgtf (Royalty) lbg] Joj:yf /fHon] ug'{ kb{5 .
cfhsf] gofF g]kfndf ;a} If]qaf6 cf–cfˆgf] hftLo cl:tTj, xs, clwsf/, klxrfg / pTyfg cflbsf] nflu cfjfh p7fO/x]sf] cj:yfdf o; lzNkL lzNksf/ / lznfsf/ hftL -;d'bfo_ n] klg d]xgtf (Royalty) sf] dfu ug'{df cGo s;}n] cGoyf ;f]Rg' kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t b]lvGb}gg\ . o; ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] hftLo klxrfgsf] ;jfndf cfjfh p7fpg' kg]{ ;dosf] dfu xf] . o; ;dodf klg cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf lglDt lzNksf/ / lznfsf/ hftL -;d'bfo_ x? ;s[o gePsf] v08df cfˆgf] klxrfgnfO{ ;a};fd' /fVg g;Sg] cj:yf cfpg]5g\ ;fy} lzNksf/ / lznfsf/x?nfO{ 7"nf] ;+st cfpg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ dgg u/]/ o; ;d'bfosf cu'jfx?n] rf;f] /fv]/ tg dg wgn] dha't eP/ cuf8L a9g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
o; ;d'bfosf] ;·7g lxhf] / cfhM
@))& ;fndf hxfgLof /f0ff zf;gsf] cGt eO{ k|hftGqsf] pbo kZrft ;a} If]qsf hfthftL ;d'bfox?n] ;·7Lt eO{ cf–cfˆgf] hftLo xs clwsf/sf nflu cuf8L a9\b} uPsf] qmddf o; ;d'bfon] klg sf7df08f} 6]axfnsf >L z+s/ lzNksf/sf] cWoIftfdf klxnf] k6s lzNksf/ ;+3 :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] eGg] ef/efrf] eQmk'/ 3/eO{ xfn gofFahf/ a:g] lzNksf/ ;d'bfosf >L nIdLeQm lzNksf/sf] egfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5g\ . pxfFsf] egfO{ cg';f/ ;f] ;+3sf dxf;lrjdf ef/efrf] eQmk'/sf >L k|]d axfb'/ lzNksf/ ;b:ox?df l6sf lzNksf/, /Tg lzNksf/, a]vf lzNksf/ / k"0f{eQm lzNksf/ /x]sf] lyof] egL cfk'mnfO{ ;Demgf eP ;Ddsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] gfd atfpg' x'G5 . ;fy} ;f] ;+3df sf7df08f} eQmk'/ / kf6gsf lzNksf/x? ;dfj]z /x]sf] lyof] egL atfpg' x'G5g\ . @)!& ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kZrft ;f] ;Ë7g lg:jm[io eO{ uO{ lzNksf/ lzNksf/ lardf klg k'm6 k'm6 eO{ sf7df08f}sf lzNksf/ ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] klxrfgg} kl/jt{g ul/ cfPsf] ;d]t pxf“ cfg' egfO{ /fVg' x'G5g\ .
eQmk'/af6 laleGg ;dodf sf7df08f}df a;fO{;/L cfPsfx?n] @)$# ;fndf >L u0f]z axfb'/ lznfsf/sf] cWoIftfdf lzNksf/ ;+:sf/ u'7L -;ldlt_ :yfkgf u/]sf] / @)%! ;fndf eQmk'/sf >L /fh]z lzNksf/ -vfFg_ sf] cWoIftfdf lzNksf/ o'jf ;+3 :yfkgf eO{ kl5 ;f]xL o'jf ;+3 kl/dflh{t eO{ xfn lzNksf/ ;dfh g]kfnsf] ?kdf ?kfGtl/t eO{ >L bf]a/nfn lznfsf/sf] cWoIftfdf j[moflzn eO{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
Oltxf;sf] sfnv08 b]lv g} pk]lIftM
Oltxf;sf] ljleGg sfnv08df zf;sx?sf] g'gsf] ;f]emf] / akmfbf/L ub}{ o; ;d'bfon] g]kfn d08nsf] ljleGg :yfgdf cfˆgf] kf}/vL xftn] ct'nlgo snfTds jf:t' lzNkLsnfx? >[hgf u/L w/f]x/sf] ?kdf /fHo tyf cfˆgf ;GtltnfO{ 5f8L uPsf 5g\ . s'g} klg lzNkL snfsf/n] cfk'mn] kl/sNkgf u/L >[hgf ul/Psf snfsfl/tfdf sfnfGt/;Dd ;a}n] cfxf eg'g\ eGg] rfxgf /fv]sf x'G5g\ g} t/ snfsf/sf] Oltxf;n] cfxf dfq eGg] xf] eg] snfsf/sf] ;d'lrt sb/ u/]sf] 7xl/g] 5}gg\ . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"lrdf k/]sf P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs eQmk'/sf] kfFrtNn] dlGb/ -ªoftkf]n b]un_ tyf %% ‰ofn] b/jf/ nufot snfTds w/f]x/df cfˆgf kf}/vL xftn] jf:t' lzNksnf >[hgf ug]{ lzNkL snfsf/ lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ x?sf] af/]df Oltxf;sf kfgfdf slx+ st} s]lx n]v]sf kfOGb}gg\ . o;/L lzNkL lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ ;d'bfonfO{ Oltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08 b]lv g} pk]lIft ul/cfPsf] b]lvG5g\ . cem Oltxf;n] dfq klg xf]Og Oltxf;sf/, Oltxf;ljb\ Pj+ cGo ;DalGwt n]vsx?n] ;d]t o; ;d'bfonfO{ gh/ cGbfh u/L pk]lIft ul/+b} cfPsf] b]lvG5g\ . ctM ;DalGwt kIfx?n] cfˆgf] b[li6 kl/jt{g u/L k'/ftflTjs snfTds w/f]x/sf] lgdf{0fdf ->[hgfdf_ cfˆgf] snfsfl/tfsf] 5fk 5f8L uPsf lzNkL lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ x?sf] sb/ ug]{ tkm{ snfsfl/tfsf] 5fk 5f8L uPsf lzNkL lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ x?sf] sb/ ug]{ tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} o; lzNksf/ ;d'bfon] klg cfˆgf] hftLo klxrfgsf] ;jfndf ;a} Pstfa4 / ;Ë7Lt eO{ z;Qm?kdf cfjfh p7fpg' cfjZostf b]lvG5g\ .
lzNksf/ hftLof hftLo klxrfgof Gx\o;M
k|sfz dfg lzNksf/
df]= g+= (*$!#&&^^!
k|sflzt
lemu' :jlguM lGxkf}
@)^* efb| !$ a'waf/
g]kfMb]o\ yLyL hft, hftL, wd{, snf, ;+:s[lt j ljlw Jojxf/of gfd+ hfu' b]o\ vM . g]kfMb]o\of hftLo dWo g]jfM ;d'bfo\ b'g] nfMu' u'+u y/of ;+of]hgof ?ko\ dfg]h'of jofRj+u' pbfo\ -pbf;_ hfto\ b'g]nfgf Rj+u' k':tf} k':tflg;]+ l;+Hof oftx] yMu' d" nhufMof ?ko\ 5onf jofRj+lk+ g]jfM hftL dWo lzNksf/ -l;+sMld, :yflkt_ g+ 5u' vM . p/fo\ b'g] nfu' d]u' yLyL hft hftL vM lznfsf/ -nf]xFsMld_ nf]xFof BM bo\lslk+_, tfd|fsf/ -tjM tdf]6 l;hMof ef8f bo\lslk+_, l;v|fsf/ -cjfM 5]o\ b]o\s]u' HofM ofO{lk+_, s+;fsf/ -s;fM sFo\of ynjn bo\lslk+_ l;Gb'/fsf/ -l;+–k/Dk/fut hfqf kj{o vM b]olskL+ j sfkM yfOlk+_ lzndlns -dlwsMld_ algofF -aGof cfo'j]{lbs pkrf/of HofMofOlk+_ j t'nfw/ -Jofkf/ ofOlk+ vf;ofgf Nxf;f Jofkf/L_ ofgf yLyL u'+u' y/ b'Yofgf ;dfof]hgof ?ko gfnf jof Rj+u' p/fo -pbfo, pbf;_ hfto\ b'g]nfu' hftL lzNksf/ -l;+sMld, :yflkt_ g+ 5u' vM . p/fo u'+u' y/of -hftof_ ;dfof]hgof ?k vM wO{u' ljifono yf}+ tSs a}1flgs cfwf/ tYo k|df0f wf;f ;'gfg+ k|:t ofo\ k'mu' dv'lg Yj 5u' cg';Gwfgof ljifo g+ vM Yjx] ;d'bfon] nfu' dfGotf sfod h'of jof Rj+u' Yj lzNksf/ ;d'bfo cflb sfn+lg;]+ sfi7 lzNksnfof wlg vM .
p/fo hftL wOlk+ a'4 wd{ dfg] ofOlk+ vM;fg+ p/fo\ nfufo\ nflk+ Yj lzNksf/ hftL wf;f cKjMofgf ;gftg lxGb" wd{ dfg] ofOlk+ ;gftg wd{of lzj dfuL{ j a}i0fjL dfuL{ vM y'u' hftLlk+;+ hGdlg;]F d[To' ts+of yLyL ;+:sf/ j 5' g+ wd{ sd{of HofvF ofo\df;f k/+k/flg;]F BM a|Dxoft k'/f]lxtof HofM ofsf jofRj+u' b' . lzNksf/ hftL lxGb" dfuL{ vM wOu'of b;' Yjx] vM . vf;ofgf y'ldu' k/+k/fut d'–a:tL wO{u' g]kfn d08no yLyL yf;oof axfM, axL, laxf/of ;lts+ h'ofjofRj+u' vg] b' . axfM axL j laxf/of :yfkgf j lh0ff]{åf/o\ Gxfkflg;]F Yjx] lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ hftLof NxfM bofjofRj+u' vg] b' . !& j8f ef/efrf] Vjkof efh' /fwfs[i0f lzNksf/ 5]F cfu+BM b"lk+ lzNksf/ kl/jf/t wf;f /fhf e"kltGb| dNnof zf;g sfno\ ªoftkf]n b]uM bo\s]t /fhfof cf1f+ on+ jof ªoftkf]n j %% ‰ofn b/jf/of lgdf{0fo\ ;xefuL h'of cjn]lg;]F x] cg ef/efrf] If]q] :yfoL a;f]af; ofgf jofRj+u' vF cfu+BM5]F of /fwfs[i0f lzNksf/ j d]d]lk+ a'9fkfsfto\ egfO{ vg]b' .
g]jfM hftL dWo] b]vf dsfo\s+ ;'g+ yMyMu' cfu+do\ b'dYofOlk+ zfSo, ah|frfo{ j p/fo\ hftLto\ dWo] Yj hftLof by'Og+ b]vf dsfos+ ;'+ g+ cfu+do\ b'dYofOu' k/+k/fut k|fjwfg+ofgf yMyMu' cfu+do\ k'hfcfhf j bz{g ofo\gfk+ Gx"u' k':tfof lzNksf/t a+lrt h'o\dfu' afWotf h'ofRj+u' b' . cfu+do\ k'hf cfhf j bz{g ofo\dv+;f emL Gx"F k':tfof lzNksf/t b]vf sfot cu|;/tf ;'gfg+ ofu' vg]db' . b]vf sfo\ w'+sf rf]vf] lgTo h'of lgTosd{ ofgf hkWofg ofo\dfu' emGemt+ ;sn]F lrnfRj+u' vg]b' . y'ls+ofgf lnkfjgf cfu+doof cl:tTj x] vt/fo\ nfgfRj+u' vg]b' . t/ ckjfbof ?ko\ 5'+ Yjx] lzNksf/ ;d'bfoof b'g] wf;f cfu+BM sf]7fo\ k|j]z ofot b]vf sfodfu' afWotf db' . v]bf dsfos ;'g y yu' cf+udo\ b'dYofOu' k/+kf/fut k|fjwfg b'u' Yj lzNksf/ ;d'bfoof cfu+BM of k'hfofo\t sf/0fjz b]vf b'lk+ kl/jf/of hMt db'u' cj:yfo\ tn]h' -t'nhf+_ vto\ ofgf 5\jof xlk+ cfrfh'+ -cfrfo{_ k'hf ofo\u' k/+k/f h'of jof Rj+u' b' .
cfu+do b'xf+ jg]t d/]s dufu' b]vf j lzNkL lzNksf/of snfTds sfi7snf gfk+ tMw+u' j lwl;nfu' :jfk' b'u' vF lzNksf/ ;d'bfoof a'9fkfsftou' egfO{ vg]b' . b]vf b'lk+ lzNkL lzNkLsf/+ >[hgf ofu' sfi7snfo\ lhjGt vg]db'u' vF egfO{ sfi7snfof la1 a'9fkfsf tou' wfk' vg]b' . sfi7snf j k|:t/ d"lt{ >[hgf ofOano\ d]u' bSsf] efuo\ lzNksnfof lhjGt laO{ k'm;fF d"lt{of Vjfon\ j ldvfo\ b]vf dsflk+ lzNkL lzNksf/ l;+–sld+ to;+ lhjGt snf s]g] dk'm w}u' wfk" b' . cy]x] lxGb" wdf{nDaL lzNkL lzNksf/ j af}4 dfuL{ lzNkL lzNksf/+ >[hgf ofOu' lzNksnfog+ tMw+u' leGg vg]b'u' j lzNksf/ hftLo b'g] Ps cfk;o\ k'm6 h'of cKkf]ofgf af}4 wdf{nDaL lzNksf/+ 5yfo\ Rjg] dkmof yMu' k'nf+u' df}lns klxrfgoft lxsf :yflkt tof ju' sf/0f dWo] Yjg 5u' vM wofu' egfO{ b' .
sZok uf]q of Yj lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ hftL+ eujfg >L laZjsdf{ oft s"n u'?of ?ko\ xgf jofRj+u' vg]b';f s"n /Iffof nflu dflqzlQm -ci6dflqsf_ of k"hf cf/fwgf ofgf+ xgf jofRj+u' vg]b' . y'ldu' s'nb]jtf -b]u'BM_ dflqzlQm vM jf lkt[zlQm vM wOu' vFo\ cfMts+ g+ ;'gfg+ yy]x] vM wsf wfo\ k'mu' cj:yf db'lg . s'nb]jtf u'v]kfv] :jofRj+u' vM plsof cfwf/o\ lzNksf/ hftLof b'g] yMyMu' lj:s+ Dx;Lsf b' wO{u' vF Gog]b' . cog+ y'ls+ cfMts ;'gfg+ ;f]wvf]n ofgf b'jfnf :jou' HofM wf;f ofMu' db' .
lzNksf/ hfltof pTklQ u'ano\ h'n wOu' vFo\ ;TotYo b;', k|df0f yy] x] vM ysfM ;'gfg+ wfo] dk'm;f+ g]jfM b]o\of hfqf, kj{, d7, dlGb/ j P]ltxfl;s nfo\s' b/jf/ cWoog ofgfM jfnf :jo]jno\ lzNksf/ hflt cflbsfn+lg;]+ g]kfn d08n :jlguM of cflbjf;L hghflt vM wOu' ;Lb' . yf}sGoxo\ lzNksf/ hflt :jlgun+ lkg] j g]kfM b]o\of yLyL yf;o\ nhufM ofgf g+ yMu' Dx;Lsf laof jofRj+u' b' . Yj ;d'bfo :jlguno\ Rj+lk+ yLyL ;d'bfo y]+ g]jfM ;d'bfo b'g] x] b''YofM Yj l;Nksf/ ;d'bfoof df+efo g]jfM efo\ -g]kfnefiff_ vM . l;+sMld lzNksf/ ju{ ;d'bfo k/fk"j{sfn+lg;]+ k|:t/ jf:t' sfi7snf j cfw'lgs lzNksnfof 1ftfof ?ko\ g+ kl/lrt h'ofRj+u' b' .
g]jfM b]o\of snf ;+:s[ltoft lhjGt ?k ljofM la1 j snfsf/of ?ko\ kl/lrt h'of Rj+lk Gxfkfof lzNkL l;+sMld gfoMt -jf:t'la4 t_ yf}sGxo\ cfw'lgs ef;+ æcfls{6]sÆ Gxfkf+lg;]+ yf}+of a}1flgs o'u -gL5u"u' ztfAbL_ ts g+ yMu' lzNksnfof 1fg ;Gtltto\t x:tfGt/0f ofofF -nNxfgf+_ Djfsf tot ;kmn h'ofRj+u' b' . lzNksnfof wgL /fli6«o lae"lt c/lgsf] yhflk+ cfh' cfhfh'lklgu' kfnf+lg;]+ yMu' nhufM oft Gx+s] dlap;]+ g]jfM b]o\of uf}/a usfo]u' ln;]+ yf}+ts Djfsf tot ;kmn g+ h'ofRj+u' b' .
;n+;MbF Gx\oM l;+sMld lzNksf/ j NxfFsMld lzNksf/ -lzNnfsf/_ ;d'bfoof cfh' chfh'lk+; b'Mv l;ofM yMu' Nxft+ l;h{gf ofgfM bo]sftMu' ljZj;Dkbf ;"lrno nfu' gf+hfMu' P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs snfTds w/f]x/ dWo] Vjkof nfos" b/jf/, Goftfkf} b]uM, rfFu'gf/fo0f b]uM, o]+of x'gdfg9f]sf nfos" b/jf/, tn]h b]uM, onof nfos" b/jf/, b]zod? ‰ofM, yLyL b]uno\ l;h{gf ofgftMu' rf}/f;L cf;go'Qm Tjfgf l;+ cflb j g]kf b]o\of yLyL yf;o\ Rj+u' sfi7snf j k|:t/snf+ yf}+ ljZjo\ emLt Dx;Lsf Rj+u' b' .
Oltxf;of yLyL sfnv08o\ zf;sto;+ yf]k/]u' ofu' ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ljlw, Jojxf/, wd{ j k/+k/foft l;/f]k/ j cfb]zoft kfngf ofof+ g]kfM d08nof yLyL yf;o\ jf:t'snf lzNksf/ -l;+sMld_ j lznfsf/ hftLto;+ yMyMu' lzNkL ct'ngLo snfTds sfi7snf j lznfsnf d'lt{ t >[hgf :yfkgf ofgf yMu' ;Gtlttot yMyMu' klxrfg -Dxl;sf_ of 5fk Tjtfj+u' oyfy{tf lGxGxoof lgefy]F k|:tx] h'of Rj+u' vg]b' .
ljZjof Gxog] lemMu' lzNksnf+ g]jfM b]o\oft Dx;Lsf Rj+u' hs dv';]F cfhf cfhfh'lk+; >[hgf ofgf gf;f]of?ko lemt TjMtf j+u' jx] lzNkL ;d'bfo\of snfTds >[hgfoft cjnf]sg ofMjlk+ ljb]zL kfxf+t kfv]+ /fHo+ lGx+ s/f}8f} bfF cfDbfgL ofgf jofRj+u' ;ls;g+ :o"u' x] vF vM . u'DxM k'vf{of lxrMlt+ >[hgf ofu' snfTds >[hgf+ /fHoof cfDbfgL hsM h'of Rj+u' dv'ls ljZjof Gxog] b]zoftx] DxM;Lsf ljofjofRj+u' b' . yf}+ jx] k'vf{of ;Gtltto\u' Dx;Lsf Gxfgf jgLu' cj:yfo\ Yo+u' vg] b' . uf}/ado\ lzNksf/ j lznfsf/of ?ko\ RjgfRj+u' yMu' Dx;Lsf -klxrfg_ yf} jof lzNkL HofdLof dfglrqof l;ldt h'h'+ jgf Dx;Lsf x] GxMgf+jgLu' cj:yfo\ Yo+u' vg]b' . Dxl;s]x GxMgfjlgu' cj:yfo\ Yo+u' lzNksf/ j lznfsf/ hftL -;d'bfo_ of P]ltxfl;s DxM;Lsfx] oft Djfsftot Yj ;d'bfoof cfh' cfhfh' of lxrMlt+ >[hgfofgf ljZj ;Dkbf ;'rLn] nfu' P]ltxfl;s j k'/ftflTjs snfTds w/f]x/t cjnf]sg+ p7]h'u' cfo;|f]t dWo] 5'+ eRrf j lzNkL hftLof hftLo cl:tTj, xs clwsf/, Dx;Lsf -klxrfg_, ;+/If0f j pTyfgof lglt+ d]xgtf -Royalty) laOu' Joj:yf /fHo+ ofo\df .
)^@.)^# of hgcfGbf]ngof /fhg}lts lxpkf lnkf b]zo\ bSsf] yf;+ yMyMu' hftLo cl:tTj, xs, clwsf/, Dx;Lsf -klxrfg_, pTyfg OToflbof nflu+ cfjfh Ajnsf+ Rj+u' cj:yfo\ Yj lzNkL lzNksf/ j lznfsf/ hftL g+ d]xgtf -Royalty) of dfu ofu'of ;'gfg+ cGoyf ;f]r]ofo\ dfu' cj:yf gfk+ db' . Yj ;d'bfog+ yMu' hftLo klxrfgof ;jfno\ cfjfh Ajn+s]dfu' ;do dfu vM . YjM Onog+ yMu' cl:tTjof lglt+ Yj ;d'bfo ;lqmo dh';f yMu' Dx;Lsfoft dfMu' sy+ lkAjo] dkm}u' cj:yfg+ jO{ gfk+ lzNkL lzNkLsf/ j lznfsf/tot tMw+u' ;+st jo]k'm wsfM tfo\sf Yj ;d'bfoof Gxon'jfM to;+ rf;f]tof g'uM Ajn+sf Gxof jg]dfu' b' .
Yj l;+sMld lzNksf/ ;d'bfog+ g]kfM d08nof yLyL yf;o\ yLyL sfnv08o\ jf:t' lzNksnft >[hgf ofgf w/f]x/of ?ko\ /fHo j yM ;Gtltto\t Tjtf j+u' b' . GxofDx+ lzNkLsf/+ yDx+ kl/sNkgfofgf >[hgf ofu' snfsf/Ltfof sfnfGt/tsg+ ;s:of+ cfxf wfo\df w}u' rfxgf tu'nfkSsfx] bO{ co\;f+ snfsf/of snfsfl/tfoft Oltxf;+ cfxf hs wfo\u' vM;f snfsf/of jf:tljs sb/ ofu' Hof kfo\l5 h' wfo\ km}dv' . ljZj;Dkbf ;"lrno\ nfu' ?kof P]ltxfl;s j k'/ftflTjs ªoftfkf]n b]uM j %% ‰ofn b/jf/ nufot snfTds w/f]x/o\ yMu' kf}/vL Nxft+ snf >[hgf oflk+ lzNkLsnfsf/ l;+sMld lzNksf/ ;d'bfo to\u' af/] Oltxf;of kfgfo\ ug+ 5'+ Rjoftu' vg] db' . yy] Yj ;d'bfo to\t Oltxf;of yLyL sfnv08 lg;]+ x] pk]lIft ofgf jof Rj+u' vg]b' . cem Oltxf;+ hs dv' Oltxf;sf/, Oltxf;ljb j d]d]lk+ ;DalGwt n]vto;+ gfk+ Yj ;d'bfot gh/ cGbfh ofgf pk]lIft ofgf jofRj+u' vg]b' . pls+ ;DalGwt kIft;+ yMyu' b[li6 lxsf k'/ftflTjs snfTds w/f]x/of lgdf{0fo\ ->[hgfo\_ yMu' snfsfl/tfof n'd+s] axu' 5fk Tjtf j+lk+ lzNkL l;+sMld Yj ;d'bfog g+ yMu' hftLo\ klxrfgof ;jfno\ bSj+ Pstfa4 j ;Ë7Lt h'of z;Qm ?ko\ ;M todfu' vg]b' .
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